Art Proeys for Teaching Puertorrico Teacher Discovery Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Culture Name
Puerto Rican
Alternative Names
Borinquen, Borincano, Borinqueño
Orientation
Identification. Christopher Columbus landed in Puerto Rico in 1493, during his 2nd voyage, naming information technology San Juan Bautista. The Taínos, the ethnic people, called the isle Boriquén Tierra del alto señor ("Country of the Noble Lord"). In 1508, the Spanish granted settlement rights to Juan Ponce de León, who established a settlement at Caparra and became the kickoff governor. In 1519 Caparra had to be relocated to a nearby littoral islet with a healthier environment; it was renamed Puerto Rico ("Rich Port") for its harbor, among the world'due south all-time natural bays. The two names were switched over the centuries: the island became Puerto Rico and its capital San Juan. The United States anglicized the proper name to "Porto Rico" when information technology occupied the island in 1898 subsequently the Spanish-American War. This spelling was discontinued in 1932.
Puerto Ricans are a Caribbean area people who regard themselves as citizens of a distinctive island nation in spite of their colonial condition and U.S. citizenship. This sense of uniqueness likewise shapes their migrant experience and relationship with other ethnoracial groups in the United States. However, this cultural nationalism coexists with a desire for association with the United States as a state or in the current semiautonomous republic status.
Location and Geography. Puerto Rico is the easternmost and smallest of the Greater Antilles, bordered past the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the Caribbean Basin to the south. Puerto Rico is a crucial hemispheric access point. It was thus a valuable acquisition for European powers and the United States. Puerto Rico retains its strategic importance, housing the U.S. Regular army Southern Command and other armed forces facilities. Since the 1940s, the U.S. Navy has used its offshore islands for armed forces maneuvers that take damaged their ecology, economy, and quality of life.
Puerto Rico includes the surrounding small islands, including Culebra and Vieques to the east and Mona to the westward. Mona is a nature reserve and wildlife refuge under government jurisdiction. The total land surface area, including the smaller islands, is 3,427 square miles (8,875 foursquare kilometers).
The tropical island ecosystem is unique and diversified in spite of industrialization and urban sprawl. Beside Mona, the government has established several other nature reserves. There are twenty woods reserves, such as El Yunque Pelting Wood and the Caribbean National Woods, which are nether federal jurisdiction.
A rugged central mountain range constitutes two-thirds of the island and separates a northern littoral plain noted for karst formations from a drier southern plain. The Taínos recognized the ability of the seasonal hurricanes that affect the island. The Spanish word huracán originated from the Taíno juracán, the sacred name for this phenomenon.
Kingdom of spain turned Puerto Rico into a military stronghold. San Juan was walled and fortified to business firm war machine forces, but the other settlements were neglected until the eighteenth century; isolated by the scarcity of roads, they subsisted on contraband, with little official direction. The impenetrable highlands became a refuge in which settlers, runaway slaves, Taínos, and deserters produced a racially mixed population.
Demography. Puerto Rico is densely populated and urbanized. Census projections for 2000 place the population at three,916,000, non including the estimated two.seven million Puerto Ricans in the mainland U.s.a.. Almost 70 percentage of the isle is
Puerto Rico
urban, in contrast to its rural character upward to the 1940s. Sprawl has integrated formerly distinct barrios (rural and suburban neighborhoods), cities, and towns. The San Juan metropolitan area extends almost to Fajardo in the east and west to Arecibo. Ponce in the s and Mayagüez in the west also have become sprawling metropolitan areas.
Puerto Ricans self-define as a homogenized Taíno, African, and Spanish mixture. Taínos were Amerindians who occupied the island before European domination. Then estimated at thirty thousand, they were reduced to two thousand by the seventeenth century through exploitative labor, disease, native uprisings, and emigration to the other islands. But many fled into the highlands or intermarried: Spanish immigration to the isle was generally male and interracial relations less stigmatizing than among Anglo settlers. The gimmicky revival of Taíno identity is partially based on the survival of Taíno highland communities.
Although the Spanish introduced slavery to replace a dwindling Taíno labor strength, slavery never reached big proportions until the plantation organisation was fully implemented in the nineteenth century. All the same, at that place was a pregnant African influx of slave, indentured, and gratuitous labor.
Chinese labor was introduced in the nineteenth century, and immigrants came from Andalusia, Catalonia, the Basque provinces, Galicia, and the Canary Islands. Threatened by Latin America's nineteenth century revolutions, Espana facilitated immigration through economic incentives, attracting other nationalities equally loyalists fled republican uprisings. The nineteenth century likewise brought Corsican, French, German, Lebanese, Scottish, Italian, Irish gaelic, English language, and American clearing.
The U.S. occupation increased the American presence, and the 1959 revolution in Cuba brought an estimated 23,000 Cubans. Many Dominicans immigrated in search of economic opportunities; some use Puerto Rico equally a port of entry into the United States. Tension and prejudice confronting these two groups have emerged. Americans, Cubans, and Dominicans tend to consider their presence in Puerto Rico temporary.
Linguistic Affiliation. Spanish and English are the official languages, simply Puerto Rico is overwhelmingly Spanish speaking, despite authorities efforts to eradicate Castilian or foster bilingualism. Puerto Rican Spanish is a dialect of standard Spanish that has its own particularities. The influence of Taíno is axiomatic in descriptions of material objects ("hammock" and "tobacco"), natural phenomena ("hurricane"), place names and colloquialisms. All the same, Africans gave Puerto Rican Castilian defining nuances. African speech contributed words and also influenced phonology, syntax, and prosody.
Language is a significant cultural marker of national identity for a people whose culture has always been under siege because of colonialism. U.S. officials disdained Puerto Rican Spanish as an unintelligible "patois" that had to exist eradicated; they also believed that by learning English, Puerto Ricans would be socialized into "American values." The U.S. government imposed educational policies prescribing schooling in English through the get-go half of the twentieth century; language became part of the long-standing struggles over Puerto Rico's civilisation and colonial status.
Although "English-only" policies were abrogated afterwards the institution of the commonwealth in 1952, debates virtually linguistic communication have intensified. Purists decry the loss of the "mother tongue," advocating vigilance and "correctness," even so the "deterioration" of Puerto Rican Spanish through English "interference" has been exaggerated. Puerto Ricans in the United States take adult a linguistic repertoire that involves mixing English and Spanish in everyday talk. This lawmaking switching has been stigmatized as "Spanglish" and condemned by language purists, but is actually culturally significant as an identity marker.
Symbolism. The most powerful cultural symbol is the island itself. Arcadian in a variety of media, its paradigm resonates fifty-fifty among members of U.Southward. migrant communities. Natural and homo-made features associated with the island are imbued with smashing value. The coquí (a tiny indigenous tree frog), royal palms, Taíno petroglyphs, Luquillo Beach and El Yunque, bomba and plena (music and dance forms of African origin), literature, and native nutrient are some of these features. Puerto Ricans in New York Urban center accept built casitas, copies of the traditional rural wooden houses painted in vibrant colors and decorated with Puerto Rican objects.
The jíbaro, the highland rural folk, has go a controversial symbol because jíbaros are depicted as descendants of white Castilian settlers in a way that casts Puerto Rico as a backward rural society and negates Puerto Rico's African roots.
History and Indigenous Relations
Emergence of the Nation. The Taínos received the Castilian with civility but were chop-chop farmed out in encomiendas , a system of indentured labor, to piece of work at mining and tillage. By mid-century, African slaves were imported for labor, and both slaves and Taínos soon rose in armed rebellion.
Spain realized that the isle'southward wealth did non lie in gold and silver, yet it was attacked repeatedly past European powers that recognized its strategic location. Puerto Rico survived on contraband and piracy, trading cattle, hides, sugar, tobacco, and foodstuffs direct with other nations.
In the eighteenth century, the Spanish initiated a serial of improvements, reforming the organisation of land tenure and in effect initiating private ownership. Overhauled policies allowed trade with other nations. These measures fostered development and increased settlement, urbanization, and population growth; they also facilitated the emergence of a sense of civilization. Past the eighteenth century, Puerto Ricans had developed a definite creole identity, distinguishing themselves from the hombres de la otra banda ("men from the other side"), who were transient colonial administrators, military personnel, or exploiters.
The nineteenth century fostered increased political consciousness and claims for autonomy or incorporation every bit an overseas province. In liberal times, Puerto Rico was granted civil liberties, which were abrogated upon the return to conservatism and repression.
The independence move culminated in the Grito de Lares of 1868, an armed rebellion that was reported to the Castilian by an infiltrator and suppressed. Some of its leaders were executed, and those who were exiled continued their struggle from Europe, Latin America, and New York Urban center, where they worked aslope Cuban patriots.
National Identity. Cultural nationalism generated political activism, literary and creative production, and economic development. In 1897, Spain granted Puerto Rico an Autonomic Charter that recognized its right to internal self-government. The first autonomous authorities was constituted in April 1898, but its accretion was postponed when the United States declared state of war on Spain.
The national consciousness that emerged nether Castilian rule survived into the twentieth century under U.S. control. The United states of america saw itself as exercising a benign modernizing function, just Puerto Ricans saw it as eroding their culture and curtailing their autonomy. This tension was aggravated by U.S. capitalistic practices. The government facilitated the economic exploitation of the island's resources by absentee corporations and fostered the exportation of local workers as inexpensive migrant labor. Claiming that the island lacked resources and was overpopulated, the U.S. authorities encouraged migration, with the consistent germination of diasporic communities across the United states.
Americanization efforts included English-only education and the implementation of an American educational organisation, the appointment of pro-U.Southward. officials, the incorporation of Anglo-Saxon common police principles and practices into the island'south legal system, the grant of U.S. citizenship on the eve of World War I, and the introduction of U.South. currency and the devaluation of the local peso.
The advent of the commonwealth in 1952 did not end debates over Puerto Rico's culture and colonial status. Many people view the changes over the last century as modernization and the introduction of a corporate capitalist civilisation that has spread around the globe without erasing cultural differences.
Ethnic Relations. Cultural identity is commonly defined in terms of nationality rather than ethnicity. Puerto Ricans in the United States have been defined every bit an ethnoracial group in spite of their nationalism.
Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Infinite
Erstwhile San Juan is a earth-form example of Spanish urban architecture adapted to a tropical surroundings. After the commonwealth government initiated its renovation, information technology became a tourist attraction and a handsome residential and commercial expanse. Its
A homo hand-rolls cigars for the Bayamón Tobacco Corporation, the final family-endemic cigar producer in Puerto Rico. They produce 5 thousand cigars per day.
landmarks and fortifications, such every bit the Castle of San Felipe del Morro, are regarded as international treasures. The greater San Juan metropolitan area is a congested mix of undistinguished building styles that contains functionally distinct areas: Condado and Isla Verde are tourist enclaves, Santurce is a mix of commercial and residential spaces, Hato Rey has become the fiscal and banking center, and Río Piedras is the site of the University of Puerto Rico. Sprawl has eroded the sense of community and precluded pedestrian employ, and an excellent network of modern highways has fostered car dependency to the detriment of the surround.
The Castilian programme of cities organized in a filigree design of intersecting streets with central plazas bordered by public buildings recurs throughout the older sectors of the island's towns and cities. Residential compages is eclectic. The U.South. occupation brought about a revival of the Spanish colonial manner. Grillwork is ubiquitous considering it offers security confronting criminality. Elite families congenital Art Nouveau and Art Deco houses, some luxurious and deserving of their designation as individual "castles." The 1950s brought good examples of contemporary architecture.
Puerto Ricans have a strong cultural preference for owning their ain houses. Housing developments ( urbanizaciones ) are the norm; shopping centers and strip malls take partially replaced the erstwhile marketplaces. Public housing projects ( caseríos ) accept supplanted the old urban slums; people initially resisted them considering they violated cultural expectations of individual housing and community. High-rise condominiums were constructed in the 1950s and take become desirable housing choices. In the few remaining rural areas, wooden and straw huts have been replaced past cement block houses.
Food and Economy
Food in Daily Life. Food preferences were shaped past the island's cultural diversity and predominantly rural lifestyle. Taíno and African influences are seen in the use of tropical fruits and vegetables, seafood, condiments, and legumes and cereals (the ubiquitous rice and beans). The Spanish contributed culinary techniques and wheat products and introduced pork and cattle. The tropical climate required the importation of preserved food; stale codfish was long a dietary mainstay. Candied fruits and fruits preserved in syrup are also traditional. Rum and java are the preferred beverages.
Traditionally, meals were patterned afterwards Spanish custom: a continental breakfast, a large midday meal, and a minor supper. Many people at present eat a big breakfast, a fast-nutrient luncheon, and a large dinner. Puerto Ricans tolerate fast-food, but prefer native food and home cooking. There are fast-nutrient establishments that serve rice and beans, and other local dishes. The island boasts restaurants and eating places across the economical and gastronomic spectrums; San Juan, in particular, offers international choices.
Nutrient Community at Ceremonial Occasions. Although American holidays are legally celebrated, the foods associated with them are prepared according to local tastes and culinary techniques. Thus, the Thanksgiving turkey is washed with adobo, a local seasoning mix. The traditional holiday menu includes pernil or lechón asado (spit-roasted pork), pasteles (plantain or yucca tamales), and arroz con gandules (rice with pigeon peas); typical desserts are arroz con dulce (coconut rice pudding), bienmesabe (coconut pudding), and tembleque (kokosnoot milk pudding). Coquito is a popular coconut and rum beverage.
Bones Economic system. Industrialization has eroded the viability of agriculture as an of import economic activity and the isle is dependent on food imports. Local products are considered of higher quality.
Land Tenure and Property. Virtually Puerto Rican land is in private hands. Owning a home holds important cultural value. The emphasis placed on owning one's ain home led to agrarian reform in the 1940s and the parcela programme, a local homesteading effort by which the government appropriated land held by corporations for exploitative agribusiness and sold it for minimum prices. The only menses within the twentieth century when individual belongings was afflicted was precisely between 1898 and the 1940s when the whole island was literally carved up among a scattering of absentee U.South. sugar-producing corporations and their local subsidiaries.
The government holds portions and there are protected nature reserves.
Commercial Activities. Beginning in the 1950s, Operation Bootstrap, the commonwealth's developmental program, fostered rapid industrialization. Taxation incentives and inexpensive skilled labor brought many U.South. industries to the island, but by the late 1960s, the social costs and the ending of tax incentives eroded the economy. The flying of manufacture to cheaper labor markets in Asia and Latin America and the rise of transnational business take reduced the procedure of industrialization.
Major Industries. Restrictive U.S. laws and policies and U.Southward.-dominated banking and finance accept express Puerto Rico'southward ability to develop its ain markets and bear international business concern. The island is now dependent on manufacturing and services. The government remains a major employer. It has fostered petrochemical and high-technology industries that capitalize on an educated labor force. Pharmaceuticals, chemicals, electronics, medical equipment, and mechanism are the leading products. Tourism is the about important service manufacture.
Trade. Major imports include chemicals, machinery, food, send equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, professional and scientific instruments, and wearable and textiles.
Major exports include chemicals and chemic products, food, and mechanism.
Partitioning of Labor. In that location is a professional class in Puerto Rico. Information technology is a full-fledged Westernized social club, with the government being a major employer. Unemployment rates average at 12.5 percent. Agriculture is a waning labor source.
Social Stratification
Classes and Castes. A backer class structure is organized by access to wage labor and means of product. During the colonial flow, modest farms and subsistence agriculture prevailed. This prevented the emergence of a privileged hacendado course as in other latin societies. In the nineteenth century, with the implementation of an economy dependent on sugar, tobacco, and java, landowning and merchant classes emerged, along with a small-scale class of urban professionals. Most political leaders came from those classes, merely the bulk of the population remained artisans, sharecroppers, and laborers. Families that retained their assets under U.S. control made the transition to the professional, business organization, cyberbanking, and industrialist form. The economical changes of the 1950s produced an expanded eye form of government employees, administrators, and white-collar workers and an industrial working class replaced the rural one.
Symbols of Social Stratification. A "good" family and didactics are considered more of import than wealth, but class distinctions increasingly are based on the ability to purchase and consume certain goods and commodities such as cars, electronic media, clothes, and travel.
A doorway painted to represent the flag used in the 1868 Lares Insurrection.
Political Life
Government. The official head of state is the president of the U.s. even though Puerto Ricans can not vote in presidential elections. A local governor is elected every 4 years through universal suffrage. An elected resident commissioner represents the island in the U.Southward. Congress but has no vote. Puerto Rico has its own constitution. A bicameral legislature is elected every four years. The Senate is composed of two senators from each of eight senatorial districts and xi senators at large; the House of Representatives consists of eleven representatives at large and one each from forty representative districts. Minority party representation is guaranteed in both chambers regardless of election returns.
Leadership and Political Officials. Political parties are based on the three traditional positions on status: autonomy in an enhanced commonwealth condition, statehood, and independence. Currently, these positions are represented past the Popular Autonomous Party (PPD), the New Progressive Party (PNP), and the Independence Political party of Puerto Rico (PIP). The PPD was founded in the late 1930s by the architect of commonwealth status, Luis Muñoz Marín, who became the kickoff elected governor in 1948. The PNP emerged in 1965, succeeding an erstwhile pro-statehood party. The PIP was established in 1948 when a PPD faction split off because of Muñoz's failure to support independence. Its popularity peaked in 1952 but has decreased. Nonetheless, the PIP plays an of import opposition function.
Over the last forty years, government control has alternated betwixt the PPD and the PNP. Puerto Ricans vote politicians in and out for their governing abilities rather than their position on status. Concerns about the economic system and the quality of life predominate.
Several plebiscites have been held to allow residents to exercise their correct to self-conclusion by expressing their condition preference. However, the United States has not honored whatever plebiscite results.
Social Bug and Control. The unified court organisation is administered by the island's Supreme Court, which is appointed by the governor. But Puerto Rico is as well subject to federal law and constitutes a district within the U.S. federal courtroom arrangement, with a local district court that has jurisdiction over federal law cases. Legal practice incorporates elements from Anglo-American common law and the continental civil lawmaking constabulary inherited from Spain. In that location is no "customary" law.
The island has its ain police force forcefulness, though the FBI also exercises jurisdiction. The correctional system has been plagued past overpopulation, lack of rehabilitation programs, poor physical facilities, undertrained correctional officers, and violent inmate gangs. Criminality is a major problem. Some attribute it to the flying of Cuba's organized crime, which shifted operations to Puerto Rico subsequently 1959. Others blame modernization and the alleged deterioration of traditional values. Many crimes are committed past drug addicts. Drug habit has also brought the spread of AIDS.
Military machine Activity. The island is fully integrated into the U.S. military arrangement. Puerto Ricans serve in the U.S. forces. At that place is too a local national baby-sit. Many residents object to U.S. military control and the military utilize of Culebra and Vieques. The U.S. ceased maneuvers in Culebra in the mid-1970s, but intensified them in Vieques. It has faced resistance and civil defiance from many Puerto Ricans.
Social Welfare and Change Programs
Ongoing economic difficulties have produced high rates of unemployment. Puerto Rico receives federal help but does not get equal coverage or qualify for most welfare programs. The local regime is the chief welfare provider. Although it has managed to sustain a relatively loftier standard of living, the cost of living is steep and Puerto Ricans accumulate high levels of debt. However, Puerto Rico's achievements in reducing bloodshed, increasing literacy, improving medical services, and raising life expectancy have placed it on a par with many U.S. states.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations
The list of organizations and associations in Puerto Rico is vast, since the number and kind of them there parallel those institute in any land of the U.S. They include international (the Red Cross), national (YMCA, Male child and Girl Scouts), and local groups (Puerto Rico Bar Association).
Gender Roles and Statuses
Division of Labor by Gender. Gender relations have become increasingly egalitarian. When the island had a subsistence lifestyle, women were important economical producers in rural households and outside the home. The platonic of the home-tending housewife has been honored among the middle and upper classes merely has become impractical. In an platonic male globe, women are expected to practice the double duty of workplace and household labor, simply this is irresolute because of the need to maintain double-salary households.
The Relative Condition of Women and Men. In that location is a long-standing tradition of women beingness agile in public life equally intellectuals, writers, activists, politicians, and professionals. When women'southward suffrage was approved in 1932, Puerto Rico elected the first adult female legislator in the Western Hemisphere.
Marriage, Family, and Kinship
Marriage. Puerto Ricans consider family unit life a core cultural value; family and kin are viewed as the well-nigh enduring and reliable back up network. Despite a high divorce charge per unit and an increase in series monogamy, about people prefer spousal relationship to living together, although female person virginity is not as of import as information technology was in the past. Today courtship is based on grouping or individual dating rather than chaperoned outings. Wedding ceremonies may be religious or secular just preferably include receptions for relatives and friends. Although remaining single is increasingly adequate, spousal relationship is an important marker of adulthood.
Domestic Unit. The nuclear family is prevalent, but relatives socialize oftentimes. Having children is preferable to childlessness, just it is increasingly the couple'southward choice. Working spouses who share household chores are becoming common, but socializing children is still predominantly a female person function fifty-fifty among family-oriented men. Male authority is invoked and appealed to, but women's authority over many domains and activities is recognized.
Kin Groups. Relatives are expected to support each other materially and emotionally. Support is legally prescribed and required forth descent, rise, and collateral lines. Elders are respected. Kinship is bilateral, and people unremarkably use both the male parent'due south and the mother's family name as surnames.
Inheritance. Ceremonious law requires that a third of an estate must be bequeathed equally among all the legal heirs. Another third may be used to improve an heir'due south lot, and the terminal 3rd may be disposed of freely by the testator. The estate of a person who dies without a will is divided equally among all the legal heirs.
Socialization
Baby Care. People try to rear children inside the family. When the mother is unavailable, relatives are preferred to outsiders, and professional infant care providers are regarded with ambivalence. Puerto Ricans take adopted about modernistic child raising practices, such as separate beds and bedrooms, medical intendance, toys, and equipment. From infancy, children are socialized toward family and communal participation. Traditionally, they are expected to learn through observation rather than instruction. Children must acquire respeto , the most valued trait in the culture. Respeto refers to the belief that every person has an intrinsic dignity that must never be transgressed. One must learn to respect others by learning to respect oneself. All other valued qualities, such as obedience, industriousness, and self-assurance, follow when a kid internalizes respeto .
Child Rearing and Education. Uncomplicated education is legally mandated, only the youth of the population has strained the public education arrangement. Those who can afford it prefer individual schooling, which better prepares children for college.
Puerto Ricans distinguish between instrucción (schooling) and (educación) (education). Pedagogy transcends schooling. Education is within the province of the family, since an educated person is not someone who has achieved "book learning" merely a person who is respectful, cordial, courteous, polite, and "cultured."
Higher Didactics. Credentialism is on the ascent, and a college degree is required for almost positions and for upward mobility. The rates of high school and college graduation have increased in recent decades. The newly acquired importance of higher pedagogy sustains the academy arrangement, which includes the public University of Puerto Rico and the private Interamerican University, Sacred Heart College, and Cosmic Academy. All these institutions have multiple campuses. People have access to professional training in police force, medicine, applied science, and other fields.
Etiquette
Respeto and educación are indispensable components of social interaction. Indirection is also an important strategy. People believe that directness is rude and apply a variety of euphemisms and hedges to avert it. Shut friends are immune directness but maintain the boundaries of respect. Puerto Ricans adopt people who are publicly expressive only not excessively so. Friends customarily greet past kissing each other, and engaging in animated conversation is viewed equally a social nugget. Although social drinking is approved, drunkenness is not. Relajo is a joking
A immature adult female holds a banner during a pro-statehood sit-in. A U.S. democracy since 1952, Puerto Rico has maintained a strong sense of nationalism.
form of indirection that is similar to teasing. Information technology is used to criticize others indirectly, convey problematic aspects of their behavior, stress absurdities, and impart potentially negative information.
Organized religion
Religious Beliefs. The U.S. occupation brought Protestant missions to a predominantly Catholic society. An estimated 30 percent of the population is now Protestant. All major denominations are represented, and in that location is a synagogue in San Juan but no mosque. Revivalism is quite popular.
The Catholic Church had much power nether Spain, only Catholics are prone to a populistic kind of religion that is wary of the established church and its hierarchy. Many people are nonobservant, yet consider themselves devout considering they pray, are faithful, treat others with compassion, and communicate directly with God.
African slaves introduced brujería (witchcraft practices). In the nineteenth century, European spiritualism became popular. It is the well-nigh important alternative do and coexists with established religions. Many people consider both forms every bit legitimate and exercise both. Spiritualist mediums are predominantly women who hold divinations and seances in their homes; many accept become successful and fifty-fifty wealthy. Cuban immigrants brought santería , a blend of Yoruba and Catholic religions. Spiritualism and santería have merged into santerismo . Both posit a spirit world, worship a hierarchy of guiding saints and deities from the sacred and secular worlds, and exercise divination.
Religious Practitioners. Near religious life in Puerto Rico is enacted in terms of a populist style, in the case of established religions, and engages espiritismo and santería as culturally-specific systems of belief that co-exist with mainstream religious practices.
Medicine and Wellness Care
Until the second half of the twentieth century, Puerto Rico suffered from the dire health conditions that are typical of poor, underdeveloped countries. Tropical diseases and parasites contributed to high mortality rates and low life expectancy. Progress in health care has been dramatic, and the island at present has modern medical facilities. Bloodshed rates and life expectancy take improved, and many diseases take been eradicated.
Secular Celebrations
People gloat both United States and Puerto Rican holidays and banquet days. Major local holidays include New Year's Eve (1 January), Three Kings Day (vi January), Hostos Day (11 January), Constitution Day (25 July), Discovery Solar day (19 November), and Christmas Twenty-four hours (25 Dec). Easter Thursday and Fri are observed. Cities and town celebrate the patron saint'due south feast 24-hour interval, usually with carnivals, processions, masses, dances, and concerts. These celebrations are local, except for the eve of the island's patron saint, Saint John (23 June).
The government sponsors civic and armed services parades for political holidays such as the Fourth of July and Constitution Twenty-four hours. Christmas, New Yr's Eve, and Three Kings are the high points of a holiday party season that extends from mid-December to mid-January. Easter brings religious processions.
The Arts and Humanities
Support for the Arts. The arts are of import equally expressions of cultural nationalism. The regime has contributed to their institutionalization through the institution of the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, which sponsors and funds artistic activities and programs. Although the institute has been criticized for fostering an essentialistic notion of national identity and favoring "high" culture, it has been instrumental in recovering the artistic past and fostering new arts production. Local artists have access to support from U.Southward. institutions. Universities and colleges are too sources of work, support, and facilities. There are museums in Ponce and San Juan and fine art galleries all over the isle. A performing arts center in Santurce has facilities for theater, concerts, opera, and trip the light fantastic.
Literature. Puerto Rican literature is usually dated to the nineteenth century publication of El Gíbaro , a collection of pieces on the isle'due south traditions, because the book represents the first self witting expression of a native civilisation. Literary production is diverse, locally valued, and internationally best-selling. Puerto Rican authors work in all genres and styles.
Graphic Arts. Graphic arts production is diverse and prolific. The pictorial tradition dates back to the eighteenth century with José Campeche, who specialized in religious painting and portraiture and is acknowledged as the isle's first creative person. Francisco Oller'south impressionist work hangs in Paris museums. Twentieth century artists have been particularly successful in print media.
Performing Arts. Music ranges from popular and folk genres to classical works. Salsa, the isle's most recent contribution to world music, is rooted in African rhythms. Puerto Rico has classical composers and performers and has been the site of the international Casals Festival since the 1950s. There are established ballet companies and groups that perform modernistic, folk, and jazz trip the light fantastic. Efforts to establish moving-picture show production companies accept floundered.
The State of the Physical and Social Sciences
Nigh social and physical scientific discipline research is conducted in institutions of higher learning. The social sciences take been instrumental in documenting and analyzing Puerto Rican guild and civilisation. Because of its uniqueness, Puerto Rico is among the most intensely researched places in the globe.
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—V ILMA S ANTIAGO -I RIZARRY
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